The information published on nicotinefree.ch is based on scientific knowledge and institutional sources. The main references used for each piece of content are listed directly on the relevant pages. This bibliography compiles the sources used throughout the site.

Scientific sources and reference data

Nicotine, Dependence, and Withdrawal

  • Sansone, L., Milani, F., Fabrizi, R., Belli, M., Cristina, M., Zagà, V., de Iure, A., Cicconi, L., Bonassi, S., & Russo, P. (2023). Nicotine: From Discovery to Biological Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(19), 14570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914570
  • (2004). Tobacco: Understanding Dependence to Take Action(Collective Expert Report). Inserm Publications. https://ipubli.inserm.fr/bitstream/handle/10608/149/expcol_2004_tabac.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • (2004). Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine. In *Tobacco: Understanding Nicotine Dependence to Take Action*(chap. 3, pp. 29–44). Inserm Publications. https://ipubli.inserm.fr/bitstream/handle/10608/149/?sequence=8
  • McLaughlin, I., Dani, J. A., & De Biasi, M. (2015). Nicotine withdrawal. In D. Balfour & M. Munafò (Eds.), The Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Dependence(Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, Vol. 24, pp. 99–123). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_4
  • World Health Organization. (2025). Disorders due to substance use or addiction. In ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics(version 01/2025). https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/fr#1602669465
  • Münzel, T., Crea, F., Rajagopalan, S., & Lüscher, T. (2025). Nicotine and the cardiovascular system: Unmasking a global public health threat. European Heart Journal, 47(15), 1764-1781. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf1010
  • Dennison Himmelfarb, C. R., Benowitz, N. L., Blank, M. D., Bhatnagar, A., Chase, P. J., Davis, E. M., Fetterman, J. L., Keller-Hamilton, B., Ogungbe, O., Page, R. L., Rezk-Hanna, M., Robertson, R. M., & Whitsel, L. P. (2025). Impact of smokeless oral nicotine products on cardiovascular disease: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 151(1), e1–e21. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001293

Tobacco and Nicotine Products

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK179276.pdf
  • Koszowski, B., Rosenberry, Z. R., Viray, L. C., Potts, J. L., & Pickworth, W. B. (2014). Make Your Own Cigarettes: Toxicant Exposure, Smoking Topography, and Subjective Effects. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 23(9), 1793–1803. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0280
  • Zumbado, M., Luzardo, O. P., Rodríguez-Hernández, Á., Boada, L. D., & Henríquez-Hernández, L. A. (2019). Differential exposure to 33 toxic elements through cigarette smoking, based on the type of tobacco and rolling paper used. Environmental Research, 169, 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.021
  • National Cancer Institute. (1998). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends (Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9; NIH Publication No. 98-4302). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/monographs/monograph-09
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Public Health Consequences of Vapes. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24952
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Vape use among youth and young adults: A report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
  • Adermark, L., Galanti, M. R., Ryk, C., Gilljam, H., & Hedman, L. (2021). Prospective association between the use of electronic cigarettes and the use of conventional cigarettes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ERJ Open Research, 7(3), Article 00976-2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00976-2020
  • AT Switzerland. (2022). Puff Bar: Disposable e-cigarettes (« puffs »). https://www.at-schweiz.ch/documents/72/2022_11_22_BRIEF_Puff_Bar_FR_v2022_03_24.pdf
  • Upadhyay, S., Rahman, M., Johanson, G., Palmberg, L., & Ganguly, K. (2023). Heated tobacco products: Insights into composition and toxicity. Toxics, 11(8), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080667
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Heated Tobacco Products: Information Sheet (2nd ed.). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HEP-HPR-2020.2
  • Dautzenberg, B., & Dautzenberg, M.-D. (2019). Heated tobacco: A systematic review of the literature. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 36(1), 82–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010
  • AT Switzerland and Addiction Switzerland. (2025). Heated tobacco products, HTP. https://www.at-schweiz.ch/documents/1111/2025.09.16_HTP_Bericht_FR.pdf
  • Auer R, Concha-Lozano N, Jacot-Sadowski I, Cornuz J, Berthet A. (2017). Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Cigarettes: Smoke by Any Other Name. JAMA Intern Med, 177(7), 1050–1052. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1419
  • Klus, H., Kunze, M., Koenig, S., & Poeschl, E. (2009). Smokeless tobacco—An overview. Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research, 23(5), 248–276. https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0865
  • Peña, P., et al. (2022). Nicotine content in Swedish-style snus sold in Norway from 2005 to 2020. Tobacco Control, 31(6), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2020-056392
  • Shaikh, S. B., Newton, C., Tung, W. C., Sun, Y., Li, D., Ossip, D., & Rahman, I. (2023). Classification, perception, and toxicity of emerging flavored oral nicotine pouches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), Article 4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054526
  • Carlsson, S., Beck, M., Bergström, A., Dreij, K., Ganguly, K., Kippler, M., Laguzzi, F., Leander, K., Lu, D., Palmberg, L., Upadhyay, S., Zettergren, A., & Pershagen, G. (2025). New nicotine and tobacco products and risk of major diseases: A review of the scientific evidence. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948251391690
  • Shihadeh, A., Schubert, J., Klaiany, J., El Sabban, M., Luch, A., & Saliba, N. A. (2015). Toxicant content, physical properties, and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives. Tobacco Control, 24(Suppl. 1), i22–i30. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907
  • Moutaouakkil, Y., El Cadi, M. A., Lamsaouri, J., Cherrah, Y., ElJaoudi, R., & Bousliman, Y. (2025). The Hookah: A False Alternative to Tobacco, a Real Health Hazard. Cahiers Santé Médecine Thérapeutique, 34(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1684/sanmt.2025.333
  • World Health Organization. (2015). Fact Sheet on Hookah Use and Tobacco Health. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/183357

Adolescence and Neurocognitive Development

  • Huerre, P. (2001). The History of Adolescence: Roles and Functions of a Conceptual Construct. Journal français de psychiatrie, 14(3), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.3917/jfp.014.06
  • Fourneret, P., & Gentaz, E. (Eds.). (2022). Neurocognitive Development from Birth to Adolescence. Elsevier Masson.
  • Insel, C., & Cohen, A. O. (2025). More than just a phase: Adolescence as a window into how the brain generates behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 34(3), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251313733

Economic and Social Impacts

Swiss Data and Institutional Sources

Legal and Regulatory Framework

International Standards and Best Practices